სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფოში – ასე შეიძლება აღვწეროთ საქართველოს მთავრობის ის ნაწილი, რომელიც ყველა სხვა შტოსთან შედარებით ნაკლები საკანონმდებლო და საპარლამენტო კონტროლის ქვეშ არის მოქცეული. საუბარია სახელმწიფო კომპანიებზე, რომელთა საკუთრებასაც საქართველოს უმსხვილესი სტრატეგიული ობიექტები წარმოადგენენ.
61,126 დასაქმებულით და 3,468,187,000 ლარის ჯამური შემოსავლით, სახელმწიფო კომპანიები საქართველოს უმსხვილესი ბიზნესების სიაში შედიან, თუმცა მათგან ერთი მნიშვნელოვანი თავისებურებით განსხვავდებიან – ისინი პოლიტიკურ უწყებებს დაქვემდებარებულ ერთეულებს წარმოადგენენ.
მთავრობას შპს-ის დაფუძნება და კონკრეტულ ბაზარზე საქმიანობის დაწყება პრაქტიკულად შეუზღუდავად შეუძლია. დღეს სახელმწიფო კომპანიები, ღვინის წარმოებით დაწყებული, სასტუმროს ოპერირებითა და ენერგეტიკით დასრულებული, თითქმის ყველა სექტორში საქმიანობენ.
სახელმწიფო საწარმოების ფინანსური შედეგები სავალალოა. 2019 წლის ბიუჯეტის ფისკალური რისკების ანალიზის დოკუმენტის მიხედვით, მხოლოდ 2017 წელს უმსხვილესმა სახელმწიფო კომპანიებმა ჯამში 562 მილიონი ლარის ზარალი განიცადეს. ამ კომპანიების ზარალს, ანუ მათი არასწორად მართვის საფასურს, პირველ რიგში, ცენტრალური ბიუჯეტი, ანუ საქართველოს გადასახადის გადამხდელები და ჯანსაღი ბიზნესები ფარავენ.
2017 წლის განმავლობაში ყველაზე დიდი ზარალი უმსხვილეს სახელმწიფო კომპანიას – სს “საპარტნიორო ფონდს” მიადგა. ფონდმა წელი 441 მილიონი ლარის უარყოფითი შედეგით დახურა. ამის ერთ- ერთი მიზეზი მის შემადგენლობაში შემავალი სს “საქართველოს რკინიგზის” ზარალი იყო, რამაც 354 მლნ ლარი შეადგინა. თითქმის ამდენივე (320 მლნ ლარი) იყო ასევე საპარტნიორო ფონდის კუთვნილი “სახელმწიფო ელექტროსისტემის” ზარალი. “საპარტნიორო ფონდის” ყველა შვილობილი ზარალიანი არაა, მაგალითად, “გაზისა და ნავთობის კორპორაციის” მოგება 2017 წელს 220 მლნ ლარი იყო, თუმცა ეს მოგება ფონდის სხვა კომპანიების ზარალის გადასაფარავად საკმარისი არ აღმოჩნდა.
სახელმწიფო კომპანიების ზარალიანობა რომ პრობლემატურია, ამას მთავრობაც აღიარებს. ეკონომიკის მინისტრის პოსტზე ყოფნისას გიორგი ქობულიამ თქვა, რომ სახელმწიფო საწარმოების განსაკუთრებულად დიდი ზომა პრობლემაა და რომ მათი პრივატიზება და ეფექტიანობის ზრდა არის აუცილებელი.
სახელმწიფო კომპანიები ყოველთვის ზარალიანი არ ყოფილან. 2012 წელს სახელმწიფოს კუთვნილი უმსხვილესი საწარმოების ბრუნვა 2 მილიარდი ლარი იყო. აღნიშნული წელი მათ ზარალის ნაცვლად 151 მილიონი ლარის წმინდა მოგებით დაასრულეს.
2013 წლიდან მოგება ზარალმა შეცვალა. თავდაპირველად ჯამური წაგება 45 მილიონი ლარი იყო, 2014 წელს ეს რიცხვი 61 მილიონ ლარამდე გაიზარდა, 2015 წელს კი მან რეკორდული მოცულობის თანხა – 757 მილიონი ლარი შეადგინა, რაც 2015 წლის მთლიანი შიდა პროდუქტის 2%-ის ტოლფასი იყო. 2016 წელს ზარალი 441 მილიონ ლარამდე შემცირდა, 2017 წელი კი 562 მილიონის ზარალით დასრულდა.
ზარალთან ერთად, გაზრდილია სახელმწიფო კომპანიების საერთაშორისო თუ ადგილობრივი ვალდებულებები. 2012 წელს უმსხვილესი სახელმწიფო საწარმოების კრებითი ვალი 4 მილიარდ ლარს შეადგენდა, 2017 წლის მდგომარეობით ეს რიცხვი 6.9 მილიარდს აღემატება.
ფინანსთა სამინისტროს მონაცემებით, 2017 წლის განმავლობაში სახელმწიფო შპს-ების კაპიტალი ცენტრალური ბიუჯეტიდან 627,763,000 ლარით შეივსო.
რა იწვევს ამ კომპანიების ზარალიანობას?
სახელმწიფო კომპანიების ზარალიანობის მიზეზი ე.წ. მორალური ჰაზარდი შეიძლება იყოს. ეს არის ვითარება, როდესაც კომპანია, იმის გაცნობიერებით, რომ მის მიერ მიღებული არაეფექტიანი გადაწყვეტილებით მიყენებული შესაძლო ზარალი სხვა პირების, ამ შემთხვევაში კი მთავრობის მიერ არის დაზღვეული, წაგებიან გადაწყვეტილებას უფრო თამამად მიიღებს.
კიდევ ერთი მიზეზი, რის გამოც ეს კომპანიები ზარალიანია, მათზე პირდაპირ პოლიტიკურ გავლენას უკავშირდება. სახელმწიფო შპს-ებს უწევთ ისეთივე პოლიტიკური დავალებების შესრულება, როგორსაც სხვა ნებისმიერი საჯარო უწყებები ასრულებენ. ეს დავალებები კი ხშირ შემთხვევაში კომერციულად წაგებიანია.
მართვის ასეთ მოდელს ფინანსთა სამინისტროს განმარტებით “კვაზიფისკალური” ოპერაციები ეწოდება. მის მაგალითს წარმოადგენს რკინიგზის მიერ სამგზავრო გადაყვანების სუბსიდირება, რომელიც თავისი არსით წაგებიანი ბიზნესია. მხოლოდ 2017 წელს რკინიგზამ მგზავრთა ბილეთების სუბსიდირებაზე 33 მილიონი ლარი დახარჯა. ასეთივე პროექტია საქართველოს მიერ სრულიად უსასყიდლოდ აფხაზეთის ენერგომომარაგება, რის საფასურსაც ასევე სახელმწიფო კომპანია იხდის.
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